On a sunny afternoon last month, two dozen people gathered at the council office in a south Indian village to protest against a new ethanol plant they say is polluting their backyard.
Over a year ago, locals were alarmed when they saw construction begin on the government-sanctioned grain distillery on a vacant plot about a kilometre (0.62 miles) away from their homes.
Touted as a green fuel and a solution to cut tailpipe emissions from vehicles when blended with gasoline, ethanol - a biofuel - is key to India’s action to tackle climate change.
But the residents of Chittanur village in Telangana state say they are not ready to pay for the national clean energy drive with their health.
This September, the plant started operating for a trial period. Villagers told Context that, despite claiming to be a Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) facility, it had released hazardous effluent in the stream running near the village.
Effluent discharged by distilleries can contain acids and heavy metals, which if untreated can harm soil fertility, aquatic life and human health, according to Indian researchers.
The stream is an essential source of water for surrounding villages. Local people said a child fell seriously ill after swimming in contaminated water while adults who came into contact with it developed skin rashes.
“The government might reduce pollution by blending ethanol, but the hidden cost is the pollution that locals like us face wherever its ethanol is produced,” said Sugunakar Reddy, a village resident who works in the IT industry in Hyderabad.
Reddy said inhabitants had repeatedly complained about the ethanol plant to the district administration and pollution control bodies, but to no avail.
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The use of rice for food should be prioritised over its use as fuel.
Siraj Hussain, former agriculture secretary, India
Jurala Organic Farms and Agro Industries, the company that owns the plant near Chittanur, did not respond to questions about its operations.
Once fully functional, the distillery will use food crops like rice to produce 800,000 litres of ethanol daily to be sold to Indian gasoline retailers.
Many countries around the world, from the United States to Indonesia and Brazil, blend biofuels with gasoline to reduce their fossil-fuel import burden and curb climate-heating emissions from the transport sector.
Starting from the early 2000s, India used sugarcane to ramp up ethanol production to 4 billion litres annually to meet a target of blending 10 per cent ethanol into gasoline.
In addition, about five years ago, it decided to harness food crops - rice and maize - to increase production for a higher 20 per cent blend target that took effect in 2021, requiring 12 billion litres of ethanol each year.
Since 2020, the government has approved nearly 200 new grain-based distilleries, nine of them sited in Telangana.
It has eased the way for such facilities by weakening regulations to exempt them from public hearings before getting environmental clearance, offering financial support and putting in place long-term purchase agreements for their output.
The biofuel push has seen experts flag the risks of increased pollution impacts and warn that over-use of crops for ethanol production could threaten food security for the poor and hurt a sector already hit by climate change.
India’s Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, which also steers biofuel policy, did not respond to a request for comment.
Water and food diverted for fuel
The Chittanur protests, which started a year ago, foreshadow the risk of local conflicts erupting in other areas with ethanol distilleries.
Farmer Vakiti Ramanji said residents found out that the Chittanur plant had been given the green light without public consultation, triggering demonstrations and a village council resolution against it.
Locals fear toxic effluent from the plant could contaminate groundwater in the future. “This will have scary outcomes for our health and the crops we grow,” Ramanji said.
After they raised objections, residents said the plant’s operator started taking effluent out in tankers and releasing it on the roadside, sparking angry protests and clashes between villagers and police which led to many arrests in October.
Locals are also worried about how ethanol production will affect their food and water supplies in a drought-prone region.
Farmer Puttapalli Murli noted that producing one litre of ethanol takes three kilos of rice and six litres of water.
While the ethanol company has been given permission by the government to take water from a nearby dam, farmers are not getting enough for their irrigation needs, he added.
According to government data, sugarcane and rice use up to 70 per cent of India’s irrigation water.
Murli said the plant had promised to buy rice directly from villagers but the government is already selling subsidised rice from public stocks to ethanol producers, undercutting farmers.
The Food Corporation of India, which maintains national food stocks, released 2.5 million tonnes of rice to 100 distilleries from March 2020 to July 2023, according to data requested by Context.
